Homerus sjunger ostens lov p. Laibach is departing on the second part of the 2016 Sound of Music Tour in Europe, starting in Bochum on April 6th in Christuskirche and finishing in Ljubljana on May 9th in Cankarjev dom. 2016 DE Bochum – Christuskirche 07. Harita Metod Defteri Say.
The Shadow Commander - The New Yorker. A former C. I. A. They had come to pay their last respects to a fallen comrade. Hassan Shateri, a veteran of Iran. The force is the sharp instrument of Iranian foreign policy, roughly analogous to a combined C. I. A. Since 1. 97.
Iran. Shateri had spent much of his career abroad, first in Afghanistan and then in Iraq, where the Quds Force helped Shiite militias kill American soldiers. Shateri had been killed two days before, on the road that runs between Damascus and Beirut. He had gone to Syria, along with thousands of other members of the Quds Force, to rescue the country.
- The United Arab Emirates (i / ju
- Das Joseph Schmidt-Archiv Den Grundstein zur heutigen, umfangreichen Sammlung legte die Wienerin Gertrud Ney-Nowotny (1921-1965) Ende der 1940er Jahre. Sie nahm grosse Opfer auf sich, um der durch die Kriegsereignisse in Rum
In the past few years, Shateri had worked under an alias as the Quds Force. The circumstances of his death were unclear: one Iranian official said that Shateri had been . Mughniyeh was assassinated in 2. Israeli agents. In the ethos of the Iranian revolution, to die was to serve. It was Suleimani who had sent Shateri, an old and trusted friend, to his death. As Revolutionary Guard commanders, he and Shateri belonged to a small fraternity formed during the Sacred Defense, the name given to the Iran- Iraq War, which lasted from 1.
It was a catastrophic fight, but for Iran it was the beginning of a three- decade project to build a Shiite sphere of influence, stretching across Iraq and Syria to the Mediterranean. Along with its allies in Syria and Lebanon, Iran forms an Axis of Resistance, arrayed against the region. In Syria, the project hung in the balance, and Suleimani was mounting a desperate fight, even if the price of victory was a sectarian conflict that engulfed the region for years. Suleimani took command of the Quds Force fifteen years ago, and in that time he has sought to reshape the Middle East in Iran.
Januar 1861 in Istanbul; . Mai 1926 in Sanremo) entstammte der Dynastie des Hauses Osman und war von 19 letzter Sultan des Osmanischen Reiches.
Department of the Treasury has sanctioned Suleimani for his role in supporting the Assad regime, and for abetting terrorism. And yet he has remained mostly invisible to the outside world, even as he runs agents and directs operations.
He sits over there on the other side of room, by himself, in a very quiet way. And so of course everyone is thinking only about him. The Quds Force had never lost such a high- ranking officer abroad. The day before the funeral, Suleimani had travelled to Shateri.
He has a fierce attachment to martyred soldiers, and often visits their families; in a recent interview with Iranian media, he said, . Suleimani cradled his head in his palm and began to weep. The early months of 2. Shateri. Assad was steadily losing ground to the rebels, who are dominated by Sunnis, Iran. If Assad fell, the Iranian regime would lose its link to Hezbollah, its forward base against Israel.
In a speech, one Iranian cleric said, . Among other things, they extended a seven- billion- dollar loan to shore up the Syrian economy. For years, he had bullied and bribed the Kurds into co. He longed for the Basij, the Iranian militia whose fighters crushed the popular uprisings against the regime in 2.
In August, 2. 01. Assad rebels captured forty- eight Iranians inside Syria. Iranian leaders protested that they were pilgrims, come to pray at a holy Shiite shrine, but the rebels, as well as Western intelligence agencies, said that they were members of the Quds Force.
In any case, they were valuable enough so that Assad agreed to release more than two thousand captured rebels to have them freed. And then Shateri was killed. Finally, Suleimani began flying into Damascus frequently so that he could assume personal control of the Iranian intervention. In Damascus, he is said to work out of a heavily fortified command post in a nondescript building, where he has installed a multinational array of officers: the heads of the Syrian military, a Hezbollah commander, and a co.
Hamedani, another comrade from the Iran- Iraq War, was experienced in running the kind of irregular militias that the Iranians were assembling, in order to keep on fighting if Assad fell. Late last year, Western officials began to notice a sharp increase in Iranian supply flights into the Damascus airport. Instead of a handful a week, planes were coming every day, carrying weapons and ammunition. According to American officials, the officers co. They also forced the various branches of Assad.
The Middle Eastern security official said that the number of Quds Force operatives, along with the Iraqi Shiite militiamen they brought with them, reached into the thousands. To retake the town, Suleimani called on Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah. Qusayr sits at the entrance to the Bekaa Valley, the main conduit for missiles and other mat. Suleimani and Nasrallah are old friends, having co. According to Will Fulton, an Iran expert at the American Enterprise Institute, Hezbollah fighters encircled Qusayr, cutting off the roads, then moved in.
Dozens of them were killed, as were at least eight Iranian officers. On June 5th, the town fell. In public, he is almost theatrically modest. During a recent appearance, he described himself as . His power comes mostly from his close relationship with Khamenei, who provides the guiding vision for Iranian society.
The Supreme Leader, who usually reserves his highest praise for fallen soldiers, has referred to Suleimani as . In July, 1. 99. 9, at the height of student protests, he signed, with other Revolutionary Guard commanders, a letter warning the reformist President Mohammad Khatami that if he didn. The police crushed the demonstrators, as they did again, a decade later.
Iran. But Suleimani has been given a remarkably free hand in implementing Khamenei. He has a relationship with everyone. Suleimani has a bad prostate and recurring back pain. He has three sons and two daughters, and is evidently a strict but loving father.
He is said to be especially worried about his daughter Nargis, who lives in Malaysia. He can move in political circles, but he. Over the years, the Quds Force has built an international network of assets, some of them drawn from the Iranian diaspora, who can be called on to support missions.
In 2. 01. 0, according to Western officials, the Quds Force and Hezbollah launched a new campaign against American and Israeli targets. The most notorious was a scheme, in 2.
Mexican drug cartel to blow up the Saudi Ambassador to the United States as he sat down to eat at a restaurant a few miles from the White House. The cartel member approached by Suleimani. Drug Enforcement Administration. Either try to capture him or kill him. Among spies in the West, he appears to exist in a special category, an enemy both hated and admired: a Middle Eastern equivalent of Karla, the elusive Soviet master spy in John le Carr. When I called Dagan, the former Mossad chief, and mentioned Suleimani. In 1. 98. 6, Paa- Alam was the scene of one of the terrible battles over the Faw Peninsula, where tens of thousands of men died while hardly advancing a step.
A video recording from the visit shows Suleimani standing on a mountaintop, recounting the battle to his old comrades. In a gentle voice, he speaks over a soundtrack of music and prayers. During a break, he speaks with an interviewer, and describes the fighting in near- mystical terms. But there is another kind of paradise. When he was a boy, his father, like many other farmers, took out an agricultural loan from the government of the Shah. He owed nine hundred toman. In a brief memoir, Suleimani wrote of leaving home with a young relative named Ahmad Suleimani, who was in a similar situation.
Together, they travelled to Kerman, the nearest city, to try to clear their family. The place was unwelcoming. They paid us two toman per day. They were told to seek out a local driver named Pahlavan. He says of the two boys, . I spit on the life they have made for us!
When the news travelled in our village, there was pandemonium. According to Ali Alfoneh, an Iran expert at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, he had only a high- school education, and worked for Kerman. But it was a revolutionary time, and the country.
Away from work, Suleimani spent hours lifting weights in local gyms, which, like many in the Middle East, offered physical training and inspiration for the warrior spirit. During Ramadan, he attended sermons by a travelling preacher named Hojjat Kamyab. Swept up in the fervor, Suleimani joined the Revolutionary Guard, a force established by Iran. Though he received little training. As a young guardsman, Suleimani was dispatched to northwestern Iran, where he helped crush an uprising by ethnic Kurds. When the revolution was eighteen months old, Saddam Hussein sent the Iraqi Army sweeping across the border, hoping to take advantage of the internal chaos. Instead, the invasion solidified Khomeini.
Suleimani was sent to the front with a simple task, to supply water to the soldiers there, and he never left. A photograph from that time shows the young Suleimani dressed in green fatigues, with no insignia of rank, his black eyes focussed on a far horizon. He returned from several missions bearing a goat, which his soldiers slaughtered and grilled. On Iraqi radio, Suleimani became known as . Suleimani seemed distressed by the loss of life.
Before sending his men into battle, he would embrace each one and bid him goodbye; in speeches, he praised martyred soldiers and begged their forgiveness for not being martyred himself. The former Revolutionary Guard officer recalled seeing Suleimani in 1. He was sitting alone in a corner of a tent. But I got a foot cramp.
And then a thing came up at the store. On at least one occasion, Suleimani himself was wounded. In the nineteen- eighties, Reuel Marc Gerecht was a young C.
I. A. During the Iraq War, Crocker sometimes dealt with Suleimani indirectly, through Iraqi leaders who shuttled in and out of Tehran. Once, he asked one of the Iraqis if Suleimani was especially religious. Nationalism drives him, and the love of the fight. The first was that Iran was surrounded by enemies, near and far. To the regime, the invasion was not so much an Iraqi plot as a Western one. American officials were aware of Saddam.
Otton III du Saint- Empire . Le prince Henri le Querelleur l'enl. Il intervient dans les affaires de l'. Il y fait ainsi placer son homme de confiance, par ailleurs son cousin, Brunon de Carinthie, premier pape d'origine germanique, sous le nom de Gr.
Otton III refuse de confirmer le Privilegium Ottonianum accord. L'empereur accorde au souverain pontife huit comt. Otton III se voit comme . Il souhaite gouverner la chr. Mais les deux hommes se trouvent bient.
Otton meurt en 1. Otton Ier reconstitue aussi la marche de Carinthie, et appara.
Face aux Slaves, il conduit une v. Mieszko Ier, premier souverain historique de la Pologne, lui rend hommage en 9. En Germanie, Othon Ier rend la Boh. Celui- ci peut ainsi se faire couronner empereur et promulguer, le 1. Tout en donnant des avantages au Saint- Si. Comme Charlemagne, Otton re. Otton Ier entend alors mettre sous tutelle la Francie, ce qui lui est possible puisqu'il est l'oncle maternel des deux adolescents.
Le royaume de Francie, en 9. Son objectif est de maintenir l'. La tutelle d'Hugues Capet est doubl. En 9. 60, le roi des Francs consent . Mais, en contrepartie, le duc doit accepter la nouvelle ind. Sous la tutelle de Brunon de Cologne, la Francie est de plus en plus satellis. En 9. 65, Lothaire fait ainsi p.
Le trafic commercial avec Byzance et l'Orient transite en effet de la M. Les Ottoniens ont su garder la mainmise sur les p. Ainsi, contrairement . Cette puissance commerciale leur permet d'acheter la client. L'empereur s'assure la nomination de tous les membres du Haut clerg. En plus de leur mission spirituelle, ils doivent remplir des t. Elle permet de contrebalancer le pouvoir des grands f.
Le meilleur exemple en est le propre fr. On peut citer aussi Thierry Ier, cousin germain d'Otton, . En effet, les ducs de Bavi. Au nord, les Danois ou, . Au sud, il doit lutter contre les Byzantins et les Sarrasins pour le contr. C'est donc d'un empire plus fragile qu'il n'y para.
Les sources ne nous disent pas pourquoi il a fallu, . Lorsque l'enfant est couronn. Les Slaves, qui supportent mal leur christianisation forc. Apprenant que le nouveau roi n'est qu'un enfant, ils redoublent leurs incursions : les . En liaison avec les Danois, les Sorabes atteignent Hambourg. La mort d'Otton II provoque de nombreux soul. Cela n'est pas surprenant, car outre la m.
Pour Lothaire, roi des Francs carolingiens, le contr. N'ayant pu assurer la tutelle imp. Il prend Verdun en mars et fait prisonnier le comte Godefroy Ier de Verdun (fr. Henri organise sans retard une rencontre . Mais Henri, redoutant ce face- . Sa proposition ouverte . Il trouve toutefois suffisamment de partisans pour gagner Quedlinbourg et pour f.
Henri s'efforce par des tractations avec les princes pr. Parmi ses partisans, il faut citer Mieszko Ier de Pologne, Boleslav II de Boh.
Lorsqu'il a vent de cette conjuration, Henri m. Mais lors des pourparlers, il appara. Il n'obtient que la promesse de reprise des pourparlers ult. Sur ces entrefaites, Henri gagne la Bavi. Redoutant l'issue d'un . Par leur loyalisme, ces deux pr. Le service du roi est confi.
En particulier, Henri le Querelleur t. La menace d'un scandale en pr. Par la suite, des arm. Le duc de Pologne Mieszko appuie . Son fils et successeur, Louis V, a . On ignore quels sont les derniers conseils de Th. Il la qualifie dans ses actes de .
Par contre, alors que Th. Ce dernier est en position d. Gerbert est alors sous la menace d'une excommunication ainsi que les . Cette excommunication collective ouvre la voie .
Le roi, Robert le Pieux, cherche . Devenu son conseiller, il souhaite voir appliquer les principes de la philosophie . Mais dans le cas d'Otton, l'adoubement aurait signifi. Quoi qu'il en soit, Otton fait un grand nombre de donations alors qu'il est encore mineur. Otton prend ses premiers d. Au mois de septembre 9.
Otton quitte Ratisbonne et se met en marche pour Rome en mars 9. Le 2. 1 mai 9. 96, jour de l'Ascension, il est couronn. Mais, du fait de cette nomination discr. L'influente dynastie patricienne des Crescentii devait ainsi son autorit. Ce synode met aussi Otton en relation avec deux personnalit. Gerbert d'Aurillac, archev.
Pris de court, le nouveau pape . Lorsque Hugues Capet meurt le 2. Robert le Pieux . C'est l'occasion d'obtenir du nouveau roi de France qu'il arr. Les Romains et, en particulier, les Crescentii vivent d'autant plus mal cet empi. Crescentius complote avec l'archev. Il regagne la Germanie.
Ce synode condamne aussi les . S'il est vrai que l'empereur se d. On ignore l'effectif exact de son arm. Il n'est plus jamais question d. L'antipape Jean XVI s'enfuit de Rome et se r. Otton III ne fait rien pour sauver ou adoucir la peine de celui qui fut son pr. C'est ainsi que le vieil abb.
Nil aurait alors appel. Son cadavre est d'abord pendu aux cr.
Cette nouvelle devise figure ensuite syst. Soucieux d'apaiser la noblesse romaine, il gratifie l'aristocratie locale de charges au palais. Cependant, celle- ci n'oublie pas les terribles ch. La lutte contre un parent de Crescentius, un comte de Sabine du nom de Beno.
Ce n'est toutefois qu'en 1. En chemin, Otton apprend que Gr. Mais, loin de contribuer . Pour la seconde fois d'affil. C'est ainsi qu'il nomme son propre chapelain, L.
En 9. 99, un synode romain condamne Arduin . Otton attribue aussi la succession de l'. Les hagiographies laissent entendre qu'Otton serait all. Toutefois, les motifs du monarque sont essentiellement religieux. Le royaume de Boleslas Chrobry se trouve ainsi dot. L'Histoire de Pologne de Gallus Anonymus, qui n'a . Elle rapporte avec force comment Otton III a fait roi Boleslas.
Le fait qu'un couronnement ait pu avoir lieu est aujourd'hui tr. Puis, passant par Trebur, il rentre . Au cours de ces quelques mois, il appelle . Il fait aussi rechercher et ouvrir le tombeau de Charlemagne. Actuellement on interpr. Toutefois, ni ces deux conclaves, ni celui qui suit, .
Cette querelle occupe alors plusieurs empereurs et de multiples synodes, avant d'. Il faut attendre le d. Cette donation met brutalement un terme . Par cet acte, Otton est consid. Elle est contenue pacifiquement au bout de quelques semaines par voie de n.
Le doyen du chapitre d'Hildesheim, Thangmar, qui, en 1. Par la suite, Otton recevant une ambassade de Boleslaw Chobry, conclut avec la d.
Otton fait aussi en sorte de resserrer encore les liens avec le doge de Venise. Mais les sources hagiographiques (la . Il aurait en tout cas voulu prendre encore trois ans pour corriger les erreurs de son r. Cependant, aucun de ceux qui accompagnent le convoi, . On ignore au juste quelles pr. Quelques semaines plus tard, pendant les c.
Ainsi, alors qu'en Italie, d. Mais avant tout, Henri II fait de la Saxe le nouveau centre du pouvoir.
Il se laisse ainsi au moins une d. Ainsi, l'emploi occasionnel et . Ils alimentent ces ateliers de frappe mon. Otton III s'inscrit dans cette politique . Celles- ci sont sources d'entr. Comme la monnaie, elles permettent de manifester l'autorit. Otton s'emploie donc .
L'empereur y est d'autant plus favorable qu'il a . Les exemples les plus probants sont Notger qui se voit attribuer une v. De fait, c'est l'autorit. Cependant, le pape nomm. Ce pouvoir, Otton l'obtient par la pression militaire en descendant, en 9. Italie pour soutenir Jean XV chass.
Cette pratique se perp. C'est sous Otton III qu'est r.
Adalbert ouvre l'esprit d'Otton vers l'instauration d'un empire universel, mais c'est Gerbert d'Aurillac qui le th. Ce vaste projet d'empire f. Le basileus n'ayant pas d'h. Cependant, il meurt trop vite pour que ce projet puisse se concr. Il marie sa fille avec le fils de Boleslas et les charges impos. De nombreuses missions de christianisation sont men. Elles s'interrompent .
Poursuivant sa politique de christianisation et de rapprochement avec l'Occident, le prince G. Pour renforcer les liens naissants avec l'Empire, il marie son fils . Ils opposent au jeune . La seule contrepartie . Le jeune roi s'acquitte aussit. Il multiplie les fondations monastiques b.
L'alliance de Venise, qui cherche . Mais elles s'abstiennent de critiquer la politique d'Otton III ; sa mort, qui appara. C'est ainsi que, selon lui, l'empereur aurait, dans son palais, d. Selon les propos de Bruno, qui vise .
Cependant Bruno de Querfurt salue certains traits agr. L'opinion sur Otton III fut longtemps celle exprim. Giesebrecht forgea les conceptions des historiens nationalistes pour des d.
Avec son ouvrage intitul. Son nouveau portrait de l'empereur, contredisant l'image traditionnelle du souverain non- germanique, bigot et . Schramm donnait comme preuve essentielle de cette politique de renaissance l'adoption, .
Si cet empereur avait v. Vers la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les opinions sur Otton III dans la veine d'Holtzmann sont devenues plus rares.
Mathilde Uhlirz, historienne autrichienne, compl. Par la suite, il apparut une synth.
Mais la tentation persistait d'expliquer la politique d'Otton III par son caract. On ignore s'il faut les rattacher . L'historienne et philosophe Ricarda Huch, dans son livre intitul. Mais les jugements favorables .
Ainsi paraissent, vers la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, deux romans historiques sur l'empereur ottonien. Rausch (Henry Benrath, son pseudonyme), auteur allemand, essaie de saisir la personnalit. Diplomata, Hanovre, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, coll.
Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Otto III, Vienne, 1. Arnulf de Milan (trad. Claudia Zey), Liber gestorum recentium, vol. Hanovre: Hahn, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1.
Monumenta Germaniae Historica Diplomata, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 8: Annales Hildesheimenses. Hanovre (1. 87. 8)Georg Heinrich Pertz (dir.), Annales Quedlinburgenses, Hanovre, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1. Bruno Georg Waitz (dir.) et Wilhelm Wattenbach (dir.) (trad. Hartmann), Vita quinque fratrum eremitarum, vol. Supplementa tomorum I- XII, pars III.
Supplementum tomi XIII pars II, Hanovre, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1. Hartmann sous le titre Deutsche Geschichte in Quellen und Darstellung. Rudolf Buchner), Chronicon, Darmstadt, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, coll.